One aspect of prescribed burning that people often overlook is smoke management. Smoke impacts not only the burn crew during a burn, but public safety, health and perception of prescribed burning as well. Even though weather conditions might be ideal for safe ignition, consideration must also be given to smoke produced by burning vegetation during and after a burn.
Smoke is produced when there is incomplete combustion due to a lack of oxygen to completely burn a fuel (vegetation). Carbon dioxide and water vapor are the largest components of smoke, comprising 90 percent of emissions. The remaining smoke is comprised of hydrocarbons, particulate matter and other compounds. Ways to decrease the amount of smoke produced are to burn smaller areas, utilize more backfires and burn when fuel moistures are relatively low. Burning smaller areas requires more burns, but reduces the amount of smoke each burn produces. Backfires are more efficient at consuming fuels, so they produce less smoke compared to a head fire. Since a large percentage of smoke is water vapor, burning with lower fine fuel moistures also decreases the amount of smoke produced.
Sensitive areas such as airports, roads, towns, hospitals, schools, nursing homes, private residences and public parks that are downwind need to be considered. It is the responsibility of the burn boss to keep smoke away from such areas by ensuring that suitable wind directions and conditions will lift smoke above the sensitive areas. Oklahoma's Prescribed Burning Notification Plan helps landowners ensure that neighbors and authorities are notified in order to mitigate potential health problems or hazards. When burning in other states, it is also a good idea to notify all neighbors and authorities of the planned burn.
Atmospheric dispersion and inversion are two environmental factors that influence smoke behavior and need to be monitored when planning a prescribed burn. OK-FIRE defines atmospheric dispersion as "the ability of the atmosphere to dilute and disperse a compound such as smoke as it travels downwind." The Oklahoma Dispersion Model breaks down atmospheric dispersion into six categories: 1 (very poor); 2 (poor); 3 (moderately poor); 4 (moderately good); 5 (good); and 6 (excellent). It is best to burn when atmospheric dispersion conditions are 4 (moderately good) or higher. An inversion is when there is stable, warm air at higher altitudes, reducing atmospheric dispersion. An inversion can quickly be identified when it looks like smoke has hit a ceiling in the sky. Inversions are common at night, complicating smoke management. The distance from the ground to an inversion layer is called the mixing height. It is best to burn with a mixing height of at least 1,500 feet and even higher when smoke-sensitive areas exist downwind.
The Category Day system is another method used to predict smoke behavior. It is determined by the ventilation rate which takes into account mixing height and transport wind speed. The Category Day system has five categories. They are 1 (poor), 2 (fair), 3 (good), 4 (very good) and 5 (excellent). Avoid burning with a Category Day less than 3 (good). Two reference websites that provide this information are okfire.mesonet.org and radar.srh.noaa.gov/fire.
Air quality is a hot topic. As prescribed burners, we need to make sure we know where our smoke is going and lessen its impacts so we can continue to use prescribed burning as an effective land management tool. You can find this and past articles on the web at www.mycountrytractor.com for your reference. Extension programs serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating.
Mycountrytractor.com is the destination for those looking for community info. Mycountrytractor is involved with county events and child involvement to help support local 4-H and FFA events. We have wonderful Agriculture information for our visitors for all your farming and ranching needs
Tuesday, November 23, 2010
Friday, November 12, 2010
Chute N The Bull 11-15-10
We are quickly approaching our first traditional frost date of mid-November. There are a couple of important tasks to do NOW to insure the health of your lawn and landscape this winter. The most crucial is the fall application of fertilizer; this is commonly referred to as "Winterizing." Many folks are wondering when to apply fall fertilizer, what analysis to use, and how much to apply. The important thing to remember is that the fall application of "Winterizing" is the most critical. If you were given the option of applying fertilizer only once a year to your lawn or landscape, the best choice would be a fall application.
Fall fertilization is applied when shoot growth slows or around the time of the season's last regular mowing. Because of favorable environmental conditions (cool temperatures, short days, and high light intensity) nitrogen applied at this time aids the photosynthetic production of carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are stored for use the following growing season, providing an earlier spring green-up and an energy source for turf grasses to recuperate from drought and other related stresses.
Another reason for fall fertilization is to reduce the need for high amounts of spring-applied nitrogen. Too much spring fertilization can actually reduce carbohydrate reserves and root development by inciting rapid shoot growth. This is because growing shoots take priority over roots for carbohydrate use.
Both spring and summer fertilization is used to maintain the color and density produced by fall fertilization the previous year. Fertilization at these times should not produce succulent plant tissue which can increase the severity of turf grass disease and reduce the plant's ability to withstand heat, drought, mowing or wear stress.
Most root growth in warm season grasses such as Bermuda, Zoysia, and St. Augustine predominantly occurs in spring and summer. Fertilization during these periods stimulates root growth. The roots of Bermudagrass and St. Augustinegrass die in the spring following green-up. Heavy fertilization in early spring may result in more stress during this critical survival period.
What is the best kind of fertilizer to use in the fall? For many years, high phosphorus fertilizers (high middle number) were popular for fall use, but through research we now know that these can actually reduce winter hardiness and impede spring recovery. Furthermore, in this area of Texas, excessive applications of phosphorus will tie up the iron and zinc in our soil and result in yellow, weakened grass.
The application of a complete fertilizer which is high in nitrogen and potassium will enhance fall lawn color (prolongs color retention) and promote early green-up next spring, plus give added cold hardiness. The actual phosphorus level should be lower than that of the nitrogen and potassium. The best nutrient ratios for fall fertilizer are 3-1-2 and 4-1-2. In the nursery you will find these ratios in such fertilizer analysis as an 18-6-12 or a 19-5-9.
The fall application of fertilizer should take place in mid-to-late October or early November. NOW!!! The amount needed is in terms of actual nitrogen to be applied is NO more than 2 pounds of actual nitrogen per 1000 square feet. This equates to about 40 pounds of 18-6-12 on a 7200 square foot lawn. The average size front and lawn in this area is approximately 5000 square feet, so the remainder can be used on established plants in the landscape.
The slow release nitrogen fertilizers are as beneficial in the fall since a quick uptake by the plants is important. In the fall we want the nitrogen to be available to the grass quickly so that it can be taken up into the plant and utilized. Besides, slow-release fertilizers are much more expensive because of their slow-release mechanisms.
Consider also applying at this time, Texas Green Sand at a rate of 10 pounds per 1000 square feet. Since are soils are very basic and alkaline the Texas Green Sand with help loosen the heavy clay soils and provide essential micro-nutrients such as iron. Feathering a ½" to ¾" top-dressing compost to the lawn will also provide enriched nutrients as well as a deeper more defined root system.
The second task that is a must to insure a healthy turf is controlling brown patch. Brown patch is a fungus disease that attacks St. Augustinegrass in cool, damp, fall weather and will weaken the lawn going into the winter. It is identified as a circular area in the lawn, usually 3x10 feet in diameter. In the edge of the area you will see browning or yellowing grass, yet the interior of the circle may be a healthier green. Pull blades of grass at the edge of the circle. If the blades pull easily away from the stems and look brown and rotted at the base of the blades, then your lawn does have brown patch and should be treated. The most economical and effective chemical control for brown patch is terraclor- PCNB Turfcide or Fertilome F-Stop.
To help prevent brown patch from getting started in the lawn, do not water in the evening. Water droplets that stay on the grass all night will spread the brown patch spores. Therefore, water in the early morning hours so that the grass will dry out during the day and before nightfall. Once you have brown patch, do not walk through or mow through contaminated areas when wet, so that further spreading will not occur.
One other important chore in the lawn and entire landscape to prevent winter damage is watering thoroughly during the winter. Although the top of plants may go dormant during the winter, the root system do not, and the grass needs moisture to continue growth. Also, it's a fact that a well watered plant is less likely to suffer freeze damage then a drought stressed plant. So get out there this winter and water that landscape at least once a month in lieu of rainfall.
Fall fertilization, controlling brown patch and watering will insure that our lawns will be well on their way to a healthy next season.
Tree and shrub health is also important, and fertilization at the proper times insures tree and shrub overall health. I also recommend that you take the time this fall to fertilize your trees and shrubs using the same "Winterizer" fertilizer which is recommended for grasses. During the fall period of maximum rainfall, plants absorb nutrients more effectively. Summer and winter are not optimum times to fertilize. Hot temperatures cause the soil to become dry and compacted; in cold weather, plants are dormant, and the soil is not workable.
In the forest, trees draw nutrition from a steady supply of organic plant and animal matter such as decomposed leaves. This layer of matter covering the forest floor acts as a fertilizer. Like mulch, it helps the ground hold moisture and maintain moderate temperatures.
But in tidy backyards and other landscaped areas, this nutrient-rich layering process doesn't often take place. Instead, the ground is covered with lawn, which must compete with trees and other plants for nutrients and water. Construction and other land-use projects may alter the soil by adding pollutants and rubble to it.
Without the balanced natural environment, even vigorous, specimens may have some trouble. Because a plant's well-being depends on its ability to grow, the health of the root system is crucial. Roots must keep drawing sufficient nutrients and water to sustain growth. But as they continue to grow, at some point they'll run into restrictions such as paving, structures, rocks, rubble, roots of other plants, and hard, compacted soil. With such conditions they may not be able to absorb nutrients and water as easily as before. The results: less new growth, pale color, and damage due to insect attacks and disease. To overcome these growth inhibitors, trees and shrubs need good care and maintenance.
Timing, knowing when to fertilize is vital to top quality plant care. It's important to fertilize plants at or during a certain time so the tissues of the new growth will toughen sufficiently to weather the first freezes. Without this "hardening-off" and easing into dormancy, the plant can be severely damaged by winter stress. Proper timing will help you promote dormancy early enough to prevent such damage.
Fertilization keeps trees and shrubs from falling victim to health problems such as previously mentioned decay. Resilient limbs and general vigor make them sturdy enough to weather storms and extreme temperatures. And the healthier they are, the more beautiful they look. You can find this and past articles on the web at http://www.mycountrytractor.com/ for your reference. Extension programs serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating
Fall fertilization is applied when shoot growth slows or around the time of the season's last regular mowing. Because of favorable environmental conditions (cool temperatures, short days, and high light intensity) nitrogen applied at this time aids the photosynthetic production of carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are stored for use the following growing season, providing an earlier spring green-up and an energy source for turf grasses to recuperate from drought and other related stresses.
Another reason for fall fertilization is to reduce the need for high amounts of spring-applied nitrogen. Too much spring fertilization can actually reduce carbohydrate reserves and root development by inciting rapid shoot growth. This is because growing shoots take priority over roots for carbohydrate use.
Both spring and summer fertilization is used to maintain the color and density produced by fall fertilization the previous year. Fertilization at these times should not produce succulent plant tissue which can increase the severity of turf grass disease and reduce the plant's ability to withstand heat, drought, mowing or wear stress.
Most root growth in warm season grasses such as Bermuda, Zoysia, and St. Augustine predominantly occurs in spring and summer. Fertilization during these periods stimulates root growth. The roots of Bermudagrass and St. Augustinegrass die in the spring following green-up. Heavy fertilization in early spring may result in more stress during this critical survival period.
What is the best kind of fertilizer to use in the fall? For many years, high phosphorus fertilizers (high middle number) were popular for fall use, but through research we now know that these can actually reduce winter hardiness and impede spring recovery. Furthermore, in this area of Texas, excessive applications of phosphorus will tie up the iron and zinc in our soil and result in yellow, weakened grass.
The application of a complete fertilizer which is high in nitrogen and potassium will enhance fall lawn color (prolongs color retention) and promote early green-up next spring, plus give added cold hardiness. The actual phosphorus level should be lower than that of the nitrogen and potassium. The best nutrient ratios for fall fertilizer are 3-1-2 and 4-1-2. In the nursery you will find these ratios in such fertilizer analysis as an 18-6-12 or a 19-5-9.
The fall application of fertilizer should take place in mid-to-late October or early November. NOW!!! The amount needed is in terms of actual nitrogen to be applied is NO more than 2 pounds of actual nitrogen per 1000 square feet. This equates to about 40 pounds of 18-6-12 on a 7200 square foot lawn. The average size front and lawn in this area is approximately 5000 square feet, so the remainder can be used on established plants in the landscape.
The slow release nitrogen fertilizers are as beneficial in the fall since a quick uptake by the plants is important. In the fall we want the nitrogen to be available to the grass quickly so that it can be taken up into the plant and utilized. Besides, slow-release fertilizers are much more expensive because of their slow-release mechanisms.
Consider also applying at this time, Texas Green Sand at a rate of 10 pounds per 1000 square feet. Since are soils are very basic and alkaline the Texas Green Sand with help loosen the heavy clay soils and provide essential micro-nutrients such as iron. Feathering a ½" to ¾" top-dressing compost to the lawn will also provide enriched nutrients as well as a deeper more defined root system.
The second task that is a must to insure a healthy turf is controlling brown patch. Brown patch is a fungus disease that attacks St. Augustinegrass in cool, damp, fall weather and will weaken the lawn going into the winter. It is identified as a circular area in the lawn, usually 3x10 feet in diameter. In the edge of the area you will see browning or yellowing grass, yet the interior of the circle may be a healthier green. Pull blades of grass at the edge of the circle. If the blades pull easily away from the stems and look brown and rotted at the base of the blades, then your lawn does have brown patch and should be treated. The most economical and effective chemical control for brown patch is terraclor- PCNB Turfcide or Fertilome F-Stop.
To help prevent brown patch from getting started in the lawn, do not water in the evening. Water droplets that stay on the grass all night will spread the brown patch spores. Therefore, water in the early morning hours so that the grass will dry out during the day and before nightfall. Once you have brown patch, do not walk through or mow through contaminated areas when wet, so that further spreading will not occur.
One other important chore in the lawn and entire landscape to prevent winter damage is watering thoroughly during the winter. Although the top of plants may go dormant during the winter, the root system do not, and the grass needs moisture to continue growth. Also, it's a fact that a well watered plant is less likely to suffer freeze damage then a drought stressed plant. So get out there this winter and water that landscape at least once a month in lieu of rainfall.
Fall fertilization, controlling brown patch and watering will insure that our lawns will be well on their way to a healthy next season.
Tree and shrub health is also important, and fertilization at the proper times insures tree and shrub overall health. I also recommend that you take the time this fall to fertilize your trees and shrubs using the same "Winterizer" fertilizer which is recommended for grasses. During the fall period of maximum rainfall, plants absorb nutrients more effectively. Summer and winter are not optimum times to fertilize. Hot temperatures cause the soil to become dry and compacted; in cold weather, plants are dormant, and the soil is not workable.
In the forest, trees draw nutrition from a steady supply of organic plant and animal matter such as decomposed leaves. This layer of matter covering the forest floor acts as a fertilizer. Like mulch, it helps the ground hold moisture and maintain moderate temperatures.
But in tidy backyards and other landscaped areas, this nutrient-rich layering process doesn't often take place. Instead, the ground is covered with lawn, which must compete with trees and other plants for nutrients and water. Construction and other land-use projects may alter the soil by adding pollutants and rubble to it.
Without the balanced natural environment, even vigorous, specimens may have some trouble. Because a plant's well-being depends on its ability to grow, the health of the root system is crucial. Roots must keep drawing sufficient nutrients and water to sustain growth. But as they continue to grow, at some point they'll run into restrictions such as paving, structures, rocks, rubble, roots of other plants, and hard, compacted soil. With such conditions they may not be able to absorb nutrients and water as easily as before. The results: less new growth, pale color, and damage due to insect attacks and disease. To overcome these growth inhibitors, trees and shrubs need good care and maintenance.
Timing, knowing when to fertilize is vital to top quality plant care. It's important to fertilize plants at or during a certain time so the tissues of the new growth will toughen sufficiently to weather the first freezes. Without this "hardening-off" and easing into dormancy, the plant can be severely damaged by winter stress. Proper timing will help you promote dormancy early enough to prevent such damage.
Fertilization keeps trees and shrubs from falling victim to health problems such as previously mentioned decay. Resilient limbs and general vigor make them sturdy enough to weather storms and extreme temperatures. And the healthier they are, the more beautiful they look. You can find this and past articles on the web at http://www.mycountrytractor.com/ for your reference. Extension programs serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating
Wednesday, November 10, 2010
Chute N The Bull 11-8-10
The economy is on the minds of many Americans today. Why isn't a more impressive and sustainable recovery occurring? The recession that began in December 2007 has been different than past recessions for a variety of reasons, and the recovery also looks different. Why is the recovery taking longer than it has in the past and how may this affect rural economies?
The main cause of the economic collapse was the overextension of credit. This is the first reason the economic recovery is slower. Easy access to credit eventually led to many loans that could not be paid back. This, in turn, resulted in tighter regulations when applying for loans. Currently, interest rates are much lower than in recent history, but down payment amounts have increased and much more detailed credit checks are being performed. Therefore, it has become more difficult to obtain funds from lending organizations. The agricultural community has remained relatively unharmed by many of the changes, however, as commodity prices and demands for agricultural products have remained relatively strong or rebounded faster than expected.
The second reason for the slow recovery is uneasiness over future tax rates. At the end of 2010, many Bush-era tax cuts for investors, small business owners and families are set to expire, which will result in higher income tax rates, an increase in estate taxes and higher capital gains tax rates. Small businesses are also unsure about future health care cost liabilities and the expensing of capital asset purchases. These issues and uncertainty about income flow will likely continue to lead consumers to be cautious about spending. Businesses will limit expansion because of the uncertainty of the impact that new employees and equipment will have on their bottom lines.
A third reason for a slow recovery in the U.S. is related to the historically high unemployment rate, which was 9.6 percent in September 2010 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. There are several negative economic impacts associated with having so many Americans without work, including decreased demand for goods and services, increased government expenses from unemployment payments and benefits, and a reduction in income tax revenues. A higher unemployment rate also results in many cutbacks or furlough time from companies. This leads to many individuals having less disposable income and a further reduction in demand for goods and services.
Some rural regions in the U.S. have experienced less of an economic downturn than other localities. However, fundamental problems remain in rural communities according to a 2010 article published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.1 Many rural populations depend on government jobs and public funding for local services. With decreases in revenues from lower tax receipts, many state and local governments are facing tough budgeting decisions. Examples of these decisions may include Medicaid funding levels and the possibility of the reduction of government services through public schools, medical facilities and transportation departments. As a result, state and local governments are looking at ways to cut spending, increase efficiency and/or increase revenues to bridge the gap.
Once we have fully recovered, the economy, particularly in rural communities, may look very different. Hopefully, the problems and issues that are currently impeding economic recovery will be addressed intelligently with minimal negative impact on those recovering in its wake. America still has several speed bumps remaining in the road to recovery, but we have recovered substantially from our lowest point. You can find this and past articles on the web at www.mycountrytractor.blogspot.com for your reference. Extension programs serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating
The main cause of the economic collapse was the overextension of credit. This is the first reason the economic recovery is slower. Easy access to credit eventually led to many loans that could not be paid back. This, in turn, resulted in tighter regulations when applying for loans. Currently, interest rates are much lower than in recent history, but down payment amounts have increased and much more detailed credit checks are being performed. Therefore, it has become more difficult to obtain funds from lending organizations. The agricultural community has remained relatively unharmed by many of the changes, however, as commodity prices and demands for agricultural products have remained relatively strong or rebounded faster than expected.
The second reason for the slow recovery is uneasiness over future tax rates. At the end of 2010, many Bush-era tax cuts for investors, small business owners and families are set to expire, which will result in higher income tax rates, an increase in estate taxes and higher capital gains tax rates. Small businesses are also unsure about future health care cost liabilities and the expensing of capital asset purchases. These issues and uncertainty about income flow will likely continue to lead consumers to be cautious about spending. Businesses will limit expansion because of the uncertainty of the impact that new employees and equipment will have on their bottom lines.
A third reason for a slow recovery in the U.S. is related to the historically high unemployment rate, which was 9.6 percent in September 2010 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. There are several negative economic impacts associated with having so many Americans without work, including decreased demand for goods and services, increased government expenses from unemployment payments and benefits, and a reduction in income tax revenues. A higher unemployment rate also results in many cutbacks or furlough time from companies. This leads to many individuals having less disposable income and a further reduction in demand for goods and services.
Some rural regions in the U.S. have experienced less of an economic downturn than other localities. However, fundamental problems remain in rural communities according to a 2010 article published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.1 Many rural populations depend on government jobs and public funding for local services. With decreases in revenues from lower tax receipts, many state and local governments are facing tough budgeting decisions. Examples of these decisions may include Medicaid funding levels and the possibility of the reduction of government services through public schools, medical facilities and transportation departments. As a result, state and local governments are looking at ways to cut spending, increase efficiency and/or increase revenues to bridge the gap.
Once we have fully recovered, the economy, particularly in rural communities, may look very different. Hopefully, the problems and issues that are currently impeding economic recovery will be addressed intelligently with minimal negative impact on those recovering in its wake. America still has several speed bumps remaining in the road to recovery, but we have recovered substantially from our lowest point. You can find this and past articles on the web at www.mycountrytractor.blogspot.com for your reference. Extension programs serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating
Friday, October 29, 2010
Chute N The Bull 10-27-10
Most people who manage or hunt white-tailed deer on private land want to produce or harvest bucks with large antlers. Three primary factors influence antler size: age, nutrition and genetics. Although all three are important, only age and nutrition can be effectively manipulated in wild, free-ranging deer herds. Age is the primary factor limiting buck size on most properties. Buck age can be improved or increased by decreasing buck harvest and allowing more bucks to get older. The most economical way to improve buck nutrition is to improve deer habitat and decrease deer numbers through doe harvest.
Many managers and hunters try to influence antler size by culling bucks. Culling is the intentional harvest of bucks with supposed inferior genetics for antler growth. Genetics is unquestionably important because many studies and deer farms have proven antler size can be increased through controlled breeding in pens. However, is culling bucks a practical management practice in a wild, free-ranging deer population? The Noble Foundation wildlife staff does not believe it is appropriate in most free-ranging deer herds for the following reasons:
• We question whether it is possible to consistently identify "cull bucks" based on their phenotypic antler characteristics. Ken Gee monitored antler development of tagged bucks at the Noble Foundation Wildlife Unit for 24 years. Some young bucks that seemed to have inferior antlers developed into spectacular trophies and several promising looking young bucks developed into only mediocre mature bucks.
• Breeding cannot be controlled among wild, free-ranging deer. In a pen, both the male and female genetics of each breeding are controlled. Penned deer and wild, free-ranging deer are completely different management scenarios.
• All young bucks grow larger antlers as they age until some point later in their lives when antler development peaks. Some evidence indicates antler size of most wild, free-ranging bucks continues to increase throughout their lives contrary to some penned studies. When wild bucks live long enough, antler sizes of nearly all bucks peak after 4 years old and many do not peak until 6-9 years old.
• Each buck probably has genes for large antlers, mediocre antlers and small antlers regardless of his phenotypic antler expression. Most offspring from bucks with Boone and Crockett record book eligible antler scores on the Noble Foundation Wildlife Unit did not grow spectacular antlers, and some offspring from mediocre-antlered bucks grew spectacular antlers.
• Does contribute at least half of antler genetics. Currently, it is not possible to select for trophy antlers among wild, free-ranging does.
• In a pen, one buck can service several does because does cannot escape the buck and he does not have to travel and cover hundreds of acres. In wild, free-ranging situations, a large percentage of the buck population and all adult age groups are involved in breeding does. Even though white-tailed deer are polygamous, adult does are receptive to bucks only during a few days. Most Oklahoma and north Texas does are in heat during the same few weeks, so many bucks are necessary to service all the does in wild, free-ranging populations.
Theoretically, harvesting "inferior" bucks would seem to make sense, but seldom helps the situation in the real world of wild, free-ranging white-tailed deer. The futility of culling bucks in wild, free-ranging deer was demonstrated by a research project involving a very intensive culling program across four years on the Comanche Ranch in Texas. Culling did not increase antler size in successive generations.
The following points are the most important criteria for producing large-antlered bucks in a free-ranging situation: 1) provide excellent, diverse habitat on as many acres as possible; 2) harvest relatively few bucks, probably less than 10 percent of the buck population; 3) maintain deer abundance within a habitat's carrying capacity; 4) maintain adult sex ratio as close to 1:1 as possible; and 5) avoid harvest of young males, especially those less than 4 years old. In summary, culling bucks probably is a waste of bucks and a wasted effort. You can find this and past articles on the web at http://www.mycountrytractor.com/ for your reference. Extension programs serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating
Many managers and hunters try to influence antler size by culling bucks. Culling is the intentional harvest of bucks with supposed inferior genetics for antler growth. Genetics is unquestionably important because many studies and deer farms have proven antler size can be increased through controlled breeding in pens. However, is culling bucks a practical management practice in a wild, free-ranging deer population? The Noble Foundation wildlife staff does not believe it is appropriate in most free-ranging deer herds for the following reasons:
• We question whether it is possible to consistently identify "cull bucks" based on their phenotypic antler characteristics. Ken Gee monitored antler development of tagged bucks at the Noble Foundation Wildlife Unit for 24 years. Some young bucks that seemed to have inferior antlers developed into spectacular trophies and several promising looking young bucks developed into only mediocre mature bucks.
• Breeding cannot be controlled among wild, free-ranging deer. In a pen, both the male and female genetics of each breeding are controlled. Penned deer and wild, free-ranging deer are completely different management scenarios.
• All young bucks grow larger antlers as they age until some point later in their lives when antler development peaks. Some evidence indicates antler size of most wild, free-ranging bucks continues to increase throughout their lives contrary to some penned studies. When wild bucks live long enough, antler sizes of nearly all bucks peak after 4 years old and many do not peak until 6-9 years old.
• Each buck probably has genes for large antlers, mediocre antlers and small antlers regardless of his phenotypic antler expression. Most offspring from bucks with Boone and Crockett record book eligible antler scores on the Noble Foundation Wildlife Unit did not grow spectacular antlers, and some offspring from mediocre-antlered bucks grew spectacular antlers.
• Does contribute at least half of antler genetics. Currently, it is not possible to select for trophy antlers among wild, free-ranging does.
• In a pen, one buck can service several does because does cannot escape the buck and he does not have to travel and cover hundreds of acres. In wild, free-ranging situations, a large percentage of the buck population and all adult age groups are involved in breeding does. Even though white-tailed deer are polygamous, adult does are receptive to bucks only during a few days. Most Oklahoma and north Texas does are in heat during the same few weeks, so many bucks are necessary to service all the does in wild, free-ranging populations.
Theoretically, harvesting "inferior" bucks would seem to make sense, but seldom helps the situation in the real world of wild, free-ranging white-tailed deer. The futility of culling bucks in wild, free-ranging deer was demonstrated by a research project involving a very intensive culling program across four years on the Comanche Ranch in Texas. Culling did not increase antler size in successive generations.
The following points are the most important criteria for producing large-antlered bucks in a free-ranging situation: 1) provide excellent, diverse habitat on as many acres as possible; 2) harvest relatively few bucks, probably less than 10 percent of the buck population; 3) maintain deer abundance within a habitat's carrying capacity; 4) maintain adult sex ratio as close to 1:1 as possible; and 5) avoid harvest of young males, especially those less than 4 years old. In summary, culling bucks probably is a waste of bucks and a wasted effort. You can find this and past articles on the web at http://www.mycountrytractor.com/ for your reference. Extension programs serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating
Chute N The Bull 10-19-10
A question I'm often asked by market gardeners is, "Is there a tool or guide I can use to schedule plantings to ensure a continuous harvest? I need to have a consistent supply of product to keep my customers satisfied." My usual response is yes and no. Yes, there are tools available to assist growers in developing their own planting schedule, and no, there is no such thing as a "one size fits all" planting schedule.
When developing a planting schedule, keep in mind there is no schedule that can guarantee a continuous harvest. Assuming your crops survive multiple assaults from freezing temperatures, flooding rain, hail, wind and pest organisms, there will always be annual variance in soil temperature and moisture content, air temperature and sunlight availability. These factors not only influence initial harvest date, but the harvest frequency and yield distribution for any crop harvested multiple times from a single planting. Variable weather is the primary reason why it is impossible to develop a planting schedule for continuous harvest of field-grown vegetables that guarantees consistent results from year to year.
The easiest and most direct planting approach is to copy the schedule of a successful grower in your vicinity. Keep in mind you will need to use the same varieties and same production techniques. Of course, this assumes your neighbor is willing to share this information with you.
Most growers incorporate the use of varieties having different maturity dates and successive plantings of a single variety when developing a planting schedule for continuous harvest. These two techniques are often combined.
Novice growers or growers who don't keep production records often resort to a "shotgun" approach when scheduling successive plantings, hoping that if they stagger enough plantings, sufficient overlap will occur to ensure a continuous harvest.
A more accurate and less costly method of scheduling for continuous harvest incorporates the use of yield distribution profiles. With most vegetable crops that are harvested multiple times from a single planting, yield increases over time until a peak is reached, after which it decreases gradually. If your goal is to achieve a continuous, consistent harvest, schedule plantings so that the initial harvest of the most recent planting coincides with the peak harvest of the planting before it. In theory, the increasing yield of the later planting compensates for the decreasing yield of the earlier planting. The use of yield distribution profiles to schedule planting dates is not an exact science due to an ever changing growing environment, but it sure beats the shotgun approach. You can find this and past articles on the web at http://www.mycountrytractor.com/ for your reference. Extension programs serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating
When developing a planting schedule, keep in mind there is no schedule that can guarantee a continuous harvest. Assuming your crops survive multiple assaults from freezing temperatures, flooding rain, hail, wind and pest organisms, there will always be annual variance in soil temperature and moisture content, air temperature and sunlight availability. These factors not only influence initial harvest date, but the harvest frequency and yield distribution for any crop harvested multiple times from a single planting. Variable weather is the primary reason why it is impossible to develop a planting schedule for continuous harvest of field-grown vegetables that guarantees consistent results from year to year.
The easiest and most direct planting approach is to copy the schedule of a successful grower in your vicinity. Keep in mind you will need to use the same varieties and same production techniques. Of course, this assumes your neighbor is willing to share this information with you.
Most growers incorporate the use of varieties having different maturity dates and successive plantings of a single variety when developing a planting schedule for continuous harvest. These two techniques are often combined.
Novice growers or growers who don't keep production records often resort to a "shotgun" approach when scheduling successive plantings, hoping that if they stagger enough plantings, sufficient overlap will occur to ensure a continuous harvest.
A more accurate and less costly method of scheduling for continuous harvest incorporates the use of yield distribution profiles. With most vegetable crops that are harvested multiple times from a single planting, yield increases over time until a peak is reached, after which it decreases gradually. If your goal is to achieve a continuous, consistent harvest, schedule plantings so that the initial harvest of the most recent planting coincides with the peak harvest of the planting before it. In theory, the increasing yield of the later planting compensates for the decreasing yield of the earlier planting. The use of yield distribution profiles to schedule planting dates is not an exact science due to an ever changing growing environment, but it sure beats the shotgun approach. You can find this and past articles on the web at http://www.mycountrytractor.com/ for your reference. Extension programs serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating
Wednesday, October 20, 2010
Chute N The Bull 10-18-10
All sports fans know that when the team didn't do as well as expected
this year, there's always next year. Weed control can work like that
too. If you didn't get the sandburs this year, make plans now to get 'em
next year.
We conducted a study in 2010 on how well four products controlled
sandbur in bermudagrass and how much the three post-emergent products
injured the bermudagrass crop. Following is a list of the different
products we used, how well they controlled sandbur and how much crop
injury they caused.
Prowl H2O® (pendimethalin)
This is a pre-emergent product that must be applied before the sandbur
emerge. This is usually in March or very early April. Rainfall must
occur within two weeks of application or efficacy will be reduced
dramatically. We used 2.1 and 3.2 quarts of product per acre in our
study. Sandbur control was rated at 63 and 70 percent, respectively.
This was statistically the same as that provided by the post-emergent
products. Prowl H2O® was not evaluated for crop injury.
Roundup WeatherMax® (glyphosate)
Roundup WeatherMax® is labeled for sandbur control only after the first
cutting of hay on bermudagrass. Application must be made very soon after
hay cutting or crop injury may occur. There is a 28-day grazing and
haying restriction after the herbicide has been applied.
We used two rates of Roundup Weathermax®, 6.5 and 11 ounces per acre.
Sandbur control was rated at 100 percent for each rate. Crop injury in
the form of discoloration and reduced plant height was observed 14 days
after treatment, but the bermudagrass outgrew the injury within 30 days
after treatment. We harvested the plots, and there was no yield
difference between the Roundup WeatherMax® plots and the plots that
didnot receive herbicide.
Pastora® (metsulfuron methyl and nicosulfuron)
Pastora® is a relatively new product that is a mixture of herbicides
trade-named Cimarron® and Accent®. The label requires using the product
when sandbur are less than 2 inches tall and bermudagrass is less than 4
inches tall. There are no grazing or haying restrictions with Pastora®.
We applied Pastora® at rates of 1 and 1.5 ounces per acre. We achieved
sandbur control ratings of 97 and 100 percent, respectively. We saw
visual crop injury soon after treatment, but the bermudagrass largely
outgrew the injury after 30 days. When we harvested the crop 35 days
after application, there was no statistically significant yield difference between
the Pastora® treatments and the plots that did not
receive herbicide.
Panoramic® (imazapic)
Panoramic® is a generic version of a product that was previously sold as
Plateau®. It has both pre-emergent and post-emergent activity, but is
usually more effective when used post-emergent. The label states to not
use Panoramic® on drought-stressed bermudagrass, when bermudagrass is in
the transition stage between dormancy and full green-up, on newly
aerated fields, in the establishment year for bermudagrass or on the variety World Feeder.
We applied Panoramic® at rates of 6 and 12 ounces per acre. Sandbur
control was rated at 100 percent for each rate. However, crop injury was
very severe. Panoramic® caused the worst visual injury symptoms of the
herbicides tested, and the injury carried over into yield. The 6 and 12ounce
rates of Panoramic® caused yield reductions of 41 and 78 percent,
respectively, when harvested 35 days after treatment.
Summary
All the herbicides we tested controlled sandbur. Visual crop injury
symptoms were noted in all the post-emergent treatments 14 days after
treatment, but the visual crop injury symptoms decreased dramatically
when observed 30 days after treatment. Neither Roundup WeatherMax® nor
Pastora® decreased bermudagrass yield when harvested 35 days after
treatment, but Panoramic® applications caused severe yield reductions.
In general, we feel that Prowl H2O® is a good pre-emergent product if
rainfall occurs in a timely fashion after application and that Pastora®
and Roundup WeatherMax® are good post-emergent products if applied in a
timely manner. Although it controls sandbur well, we have difficulties
recommending Panoramic® due to crop injury concerns.
If you have sandburs, now's your chance to plan to get' em next year.
You can find this and past articles on the web at
http://www.mycountrytractor.com/ for your reference. Extension programs
serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex,
religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University
System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners
Courts of Texas Cooperating serve of all ages regardless of
socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national
origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating
Thank you,
Tommy Neyland
County Extension Agent
Texas Agrilife Extension Service
P.O. Box 188
Centerville, Texas 75833
903.536.2531 phone
903.536.3804 fax
this year, there's always next year. Weed control can work like that
too. If you didn't get the sandburs this year, make plans now to get 'em
next year.
We conducted a study in 2010 on how well four products controlled
sandbur in bermudagrass and how much the three post-emergent products
injured the bermudagrass crop. Following is a list of the different
products we used, how well they controlled sandbur and how much crop
injury they caused.
Prowl H2O® (pendimethalin)
This is a pre-emergent product that must be applied before the sandbur
emerge. This is usually in March or very early April. Rainfall must
occur within two weeks of application or efficacy will be reduced
dramatically. We used 2.1 and 3.2 quarts of product per acre in our
study. Sandbur control was rated at 63 and 70 percent, respectively.
This was statistically the same as that provided by the post-emergent
products. Prowl H2O® was not evaluated for crop injury.
Roundup WeatherMax® (glyphosate)
Roundup WeatherMax® is labeled for sandbur control only after the first
cutting of hay on bermudagrass. Application must be made very soon after
hay cutting or crop injury may occur. There is a 28-day grazing and
haying restriction after the herbicide has been applied.
We used two rates of Roundup Weathermax®, 6.5 and 11 ounces per acre.
Sandbur control was rated at 100 percent for each rate. Crop injury in
the form of discoloration and reduced plant height was observed 14 days
after treatment, but the bermudagrass outgrew the injury within 30 days
after treatment. We harvested the plots, and there was no yield
difference between the Roundup WeatherMax® plots and the plots that
didnot receive herbicide.
Pastora® (metsulfuron methyl and nicosulfuron)
Pastora® is a relatively new product that is a mixture of herbicides
trade-named Cimarron® and Accent®. The label requires using the product
when sandbur are less than 2 inches tall and bermudagrass is less than 4
inches tall. There are no grazing or haying restrictions with Pastora®.
We applied Pastora® at rates of 1 and 1.5 ounces per acre. We achieved
sandbur control ratings of 97 and 100 percent, respectively. We saw
visual crop injury soon after treatment, but the bermudagrass largely
outgrew the injury after 30 days. When we harvested the crop 35 days
after application, there was no statistically significant yield difference between
the Pastora® treatments and the plots that did not
receive herbicide.
Panoramic® (imazapic)
Panoramic® is a generic version of a product that was previously sold as
Plateau®. It has both pre-emergent and post-emergent activity, but is
usually more effective when used post-emergent. The label states to not
use Panoramic® on drought-stressed bermudagrass, when bermudagrass is in
the transition stage between dormancy and full green-up, on newly
aerated fields, in the establishment year for bermudagrass or on the variety World Feeder.
We applied Panoramic® at rates of 6 and 12 ounces per acre. Sandbur
control was rated at 100 percent for each rate. However, crop injury was
very severe. Panoramic® caused the worst visual injury symptoms of the
herbicides tested, and the injury carried over into yield. The 6 and 12ounce
rates of Panoramic® caused yield reductions of 41 and 78 percent,
respectively, when harvested 35 days after treatment.
Summary
All the herbicides we tested controlled sandbur. Visual crop injury
symptoms were noted in all the post-emergent treatments 14 days after
treatment, but the visual crop injury symptoms decreased dramatically
when observed 30 days after treatment. Neither Roundup WeatherMax® nor
Pastora® decreased bermudagrass yield when harvested 35 days after
treatment, but Panoramic® applications caused severe yield reductions.
In general, we feel that Prowl H2O® is a good pre-emergent product if
rainfall occurs in a timely fashion after application and that Pastora®
and Roundup WeatherMax® are good post-emergent products if applied in a
timely manner. Although it controls sandbur well, we have difficulties
recommending Panoramic® due to crop injury concerns.
If you have sandburs, now's your chance to plan to get' em next year.
You can find this and past articles on the web at
http://www.mycountrytractor.com/ for your reference. Extension programs
serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex,
religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University
System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners
Courts of Texas Cooperating serve of all ages regardless of
socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national
origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating
Thank you,
Tommy Neyland
County Extension Agent
Texas Agrilife Extension Service
P.O. Box 188
Centerville, Texas 75833
903.536.2531 phone
903.536.3804 fax
Tuesday, October 12, 2010
Chute N The Bull 10-11-10
It has been a long time since profits from agricultural activities have justified the price of land. Escalated prices are often attributed to speculation, but with a fixed land resource and a growing population, the price of land is likely to continue to increase over the coming decades.
For many agricultural producers, land is the highest valued asset on their balance sheet. Therefore, it is very important to maintain the viability and integrity of the land from a value standpoint, while still achieving the production, landscape and quality of life goals of the owner.
With the impact of the "The Great Recession" that began in December 2007, many agricultural producers are looking for ways to improve their bottom line. There are two ways to do so: cut costs or increase revenue. Neither one is typically easy to do for an agricultural producer. Even though farmers and ranchers are very resourceful people, much of what they produce is sold as a commodity. Thus, producers typically receive a non-differentiated price while costs are already kept at a minimum.
When I am trying to help an agricultural producer increase profitability, I first start with their largest expense category. In most cases, this is the cost of land. While refinancing a land note at a lower rate is a possibility, there is a different strategy available to help the bottom line. Namely, one should consider production activities that can provide economic benefits while minimally impacting other agricultural enterprises conducted on the land.
It's often said that a combination of production activities is better from both risk and profit standpoints. Some alternative production activities such as developing wildlife hunting leases, establishing agritourism, leasing pecan harvest of productive native trees, establishing a wind energy or mineral lease, and developing novel marketing plans for produced goods have little additional cost associated with them.
Other activities to capitalize on existing land resources, but which would require additional capital, include improved pecan orchards, production of meat goats and production of fruits or vegetables. While additional capital is required, these activities are more of a complement to the overall operation than a substitute for existing activities.
If one of these ventures is being considered, it is important to evaluate the operation's ability to manage the new endeavor. Additionally, it is important to know how much additional time and paperwork would be necessary to see the venture to completion. Brainstorm with a consultant about other enterprises that would work well with your current operation and how to turn produced goods into differentiated products that demand a premium price.
It is important to remember that your land is valued based on the perceived future value of its optimal earning possibilities. It is fine to use the land for less than its highest possible combination of activities, but money is being left on the table, or in this case, in the soil. You can find this and past articles on the web at http://www.mycountrytractor.com/ for your reference. Extension proserve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating.
Thank you,
Tommy Neyland
County Extension Agent
Texas Agrilife Extension Service
P.O. Box 188
Centerville, Texas 75833
903.536.2531 phone
903.536.3804 fax
For many agricultural producers, land is the highest valued asset on their balance sheet. Therefore, it is very important to maintain the viability and integrity of the land from a value standpoint, while still achieving the production, landscape and quality of life goals of the owner.
With the impact of the "The Great Recession" that began in December 2007, many agricultural producers are looking for ways to improve their bottom line. There are two ways to do so: cut costs or increase revenue. Neither one is typically easy to do for an agricultural producer. Even though farmers and ranchers are very resourceful people, much of what they produce is sold as a commodity. Thus, producers typically receive a non-differentiated price while costs are already kept at a minimum.
When I am trying to help an agricultural producer increase profitability, I first start with their largest expense category. In most cases, this is the cost of land. While refinancing a land note at a lower rate is a possibility, there is a different strategy available to help the bottom line. Namely, one should consider production activities that can provide economic benefits while minimally impacting other agricultural enterprises conducted on the land.
It's often said that a combination of production activities is better from both risk and profit standpoints. Some alternative production activities such as developing wildlife hunting leases, establishing agritourism, leasing pecan harvest of productive native trees, establishing a wind energy or mineral lease, and developing novel marketing plans for produced goods have little additional cost associated with them.
Other activities to capitalize on existing land resources, but which would require additional capital, include improved pecan orchards, production of meat goats and production of fruits or vegetables. While additional capital is required, these activities are more of a complement to the overall operation than a substitute for existing activities.
If one of these ventures is being considered, it is important to evaluate the operation's ability to manage the new endeavor. Additionally, it is important to know how much additional time and paperwork would be necessary to see the venture to completion. Brainstorm with a consultant about other enterprises that would work well with your current operation and how to turn produced goods into differentiated products that demand a premium price.
It is important to remember that your land is valued based on the perceived future value of its optimal earning possibilities. It is fine to use the land for less than its highest possible combination of activities, but money is being left on the table, or in this case, in the soil. You can find this and past articles on the web at http://www.mycountrytractor.com/ for your reference. Extension proserve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating serve of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating.
Thank you,
Tommy Neyland
County Extension Agent
Texas Agrilife Extension Service
P.O. Box 188
Centerville, Texas 75833
903.536.2531 phone
903.536.3804 fax
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